Dangers of overclocking cpu

Dangers of overclocking cpu. Your results will depend on your motherboard and CPU. If you're raising various voltages in an attempt to run even faster, you can inadvertently cause permanent damage to the CPU. Jan 24, 2014 · Overclocking is when you are running a specific part of your cooler, way higher than the manufacturer base is or what you call stock speeds. Remember that you’re overheating the processor as you’re getting it to work above its limits. As an example, an Intel Core i7 860 has a speed of 2. Overclocking is an entirely Jul 30, 2023 · Introduction. The Basics of Overclocking. It might increase FPS by up to 30% in CPU-limited games, but for most people, the performance gain is little to none. 8 GHz. Sep 11, 2023 · Longer CPU Lifespan: The reduced thermal stress on your CPU, coupled with lower power consumption, can extend the lifespan of your processor. The Pros. Jan 19, 2024 · In the simplest terms, overclocking is the process by which you can increase the clock speed of PC components such as the CPU. The most popular chip manufacturers (Intel and AMD) limit the maximum output to improve reliability, although this may come at a cost to everyday speed. You can also select the “restore fail-safe defaults” option and return all the settings back to their factory standard. Overclocking a CPU refers to increasing its clock speed beyond the original manufacturer's specifications. The number one problem caused by overclocking the CPU is overheating. It is a method of pushing a computer’s central processing unit (CPU) beyond its factory-set limits to achieve higher performance. Jan 3, 2021 · Take note of the following risks and thus, limitations and disadvantages of overclocking: 1. If it completes without a Yes, you will be decreasing the lifespan of the CPU. :P; Increased cooling needs due increased power consumption; Additional info what other things happen when overclocking is done: May 13, 2024 · The Dangers of Overclocking: Will It Damage Your CPU? • Overclocking Risks • Learn about the potential risks of overclocking your CPU, including overheating, When you overclock your CPU, it boosts the CPU multiplier, affecting how much greater the internal clock rate is than the external clock rate. All the CPU and GPU overclocking software we covered here lets you reset your overclock settings at the press of a button. Overclocking CPU can sometimes damage motherboard, RAM etc. Feb 8, 2017 · Generally speaking, once you’re CPU is consistently running at above 86 degrees Celsius, you’re starting to get into the danger zone. For example, a 100Mhz external clock rate with a 36x multiplier will provide an internal clock rate of 3. Manually setting your CPU to a lower frequency would be underclocking and massively handicap its performance for no reason. If you May 10, 2024 · AMD Ryzen Master is a program that lets you overclock, adjust power modes, overclock the integrated GPU, stress test your CPU and RAM, and more. Related: What Is Overclocking Aug 29, 2021 · ~1. The BIOS (sometimes referred to as UEFI) contains your PC’s key settings. Mar 31, 2010 · Example Intel CPU Can function and live 10 years with more die heat than AMD at the present time. Some motherboards—even those among the best motherboards for gaming—do not allow RAM overclocking. Even when two CPUs are physically different, a cheaper CPU can surpass a more expensive one if you push its clocks enough. While the limitations and potential dangers of overclocking your RAM are generally minor, they do exist. So why overclock your CPU? Well, it has the most benefits from a performance standpoint. Jan 22, 2018 · Since our test rig uses an Intel processor and motherboard, and Intel is still far and away the leader in consumer-grade desktop systems (being installed in over 80% of systems), this guide will cover the overclock process for late-model Core unlocked (K-series) CPUs. Do some research on your processor and BIOS; Perform a system stress test Sep 15, 2019 · The average frame rate is usually boosted a few percentage points with faster RAM when the CPU is doing most of the work. 6 GHz base clock speed. These pieces of hardware will typically come from the factory with Apr 3, 2015 · Hello i would like to ask if overclockign is dangerous (of cpu) even if i have sufficient cooling. Moderate overclocking is something that almost every machine can handle, but when this process is pushed to the limit, the machine comes under severe threats from a variety of Jan 22, 2022 · Analysis: Danger, danger… high voltage. AMD lags behind Intel when it comes to CPU performance. Before attempting to overclock your CPU, it is important to consider the potential drawbacks, including decreased lifespan, increased heat generation, and the need for additional cooling. Its default is usually 500 MHz. THere are numerous guides on how to overclock a CPU, and they can come in different variations such as overclocking with Multiplier or overlocking with the FSB/Bus speed. What are the dangers of overclocking? Overclocking doesn’t have any dangers if done correctly. How to overclock CPU: Manually overclocking Dec 28, 2021 · Overclocking increases the temperature because if the CPU runs higher than 80-degrees to 85-degrees Celsius, it will cause permanent damage to the CPU, PSU, and motherboard Overclocking tends to increase the voltage, resulting in higher temperature and even voltage can damage the CPU Dec 22, 2021 · Simple: Just like CPUs, the silicon can vary with each individual GPU. Oct 14, 2020 · The Intel Core i7 7700K CPU, for example, works with a frequency of 4. 52v max intel (intel spec) ~1. In addition to overclocking, you can use this software to underclock, undervolt, and monitor the temperatures of your CPU and GPU. Under stock factory settings, your CPU can boost actually up to 4. But there is software that makes it easy to overclock your CPU and GPU. That is to say, for example, a We're talking days/weeks over the course of many years general lifespan. Clock speed is measured in gigahertz, or billions of cycles per second. Nov 25, 2022 · Overclocking has a lot of benefits, such as better performance. All of this said, with a 1080p display, and a good gpu you shouldnt need to overclock to much. Revert GPU overclocking by using any GPU overclocking software, such as MSI Afterburner. Unstable performance. Aug 2, 2012 · Overclocking Risks: Overheating of hardware; Shorter lifespan of the hardware; Damage to other hardware components. For one, it might damage your hardware, although Jul 18, 2024 · Overclocking increases thermal output, and insufficient cooling can escalate into serious issues, potentially shortening the processor’s lifespan. running against the whole point of using a cheaper non-K Alder Lake CPU to get a big overclock and much better performance. Nov 17, 2016 · In reality, the process of overclocking either your CPU or GPU is simple and safe. Jul 30, 2023 · Learn about the dangers of high temperatures for your CPU and find out what temperature range can damage your computer's processor. You need to understand that overclocking the RAM alone won’t do much. These tools are best for analyzing the system and tracking its performance. The CPU and GPUs of today are much more durable and versatile. Sep 3, 2019 · For the average consumer, it could be better to stay with the factory settings, but for a power user who needs the very best performance, CPU overclocking could be a good choice. Be aware that overclocking isn't really a thing with Ryzen CPUs. 45v reccomended (unless you can run your cpu under 75c) Instead of wasting money ocing your cpu, just buy some fast ram (4400mhz+) and overclock the absolute sht out of that, youll prob gain more from ocing ram than ocing cpu nowadays Sep 20, 2023 · Overclocking RAM can boost performance in some cases, especially if you have good memory chips and a stable CPU memory controller. This is factory settings, so it's 100% safe clearly. If you already have a top-tier chip, overclocking can push it into a performance bracket that no stock factory computer can match. Overclocking a CPU will require more voltage and, your current setup might only be built to withstand a certain wattage with your power supply. We must consider whether the performance gains justify the possible short-term and long-term consequences to our systems. 60-70°C: Running okay, but perhaps a bit warm for stock (check fans/dust). eg. CPU-Z and GPU – Z . The newer DDR4 RAM shows better improvement compared to the older versions like DDR3. Dec 27, 2023 · If you are facing any problems with your PC after overclocking your CPU or GPU, it will be best to turn it off. . Overclocking, which involves Dec 6, 2023 · 3. 25 GHz) is 18% higher than its 3. With Intel CPUs, you have the additional price of the letter “K” or “X”, which can also be quite high. Software That Can Be Used For Overclocking. 8GHz for all-core. Learn to overclock, ask experienced users your questions, boast your rock-stable, sky-high OC and help others! The “CPU core voltage” option determines the amount of power being supplied to the CPU to sustain overclocking. The danger of damage and reduced CPU lifespan remains, especially without sufficient cooling. Overclocking a CPU, while not without risks, can be tempting for those seeking to boost performance on their computers. You should also take note of the fact that we did an all-core overclock, which means that all the cores on the AMD Ryzen 7 3700X were running at 4. This runner is running back and forth on a 100 foot track. It’s also worth mentioning that overlocking is not only possible with the CPU, but with all PC components that operate with a periodical clock signal. Jan 2, 2024 · Reasons for overclocking. Undervolting contributes to a longer-lasting CPU that maintains its optimum performance over time. Temperatures like that certainly won’t kill your CPU immediately, but it could overall lower the functional lifespan. During each cycle, the CPU fetches and executes basic instructions. Return this to normal as well. Ryzen changed that, providing plenty of CPU cores with solid performance for a great all-around CPU Dec 12, 2023 · Download the necessary tools. These overclocking applications are must-haves for those who want to overclock their system, processor, and graphics card. Overclocking is Going to Produce Higher Temperatures. Sep 15, 2023 · Benefits Of Overclocking GPU And CPU #1 Boosted Performance. Feb 22, 2023 · AMD overclocking guide; The dangers of overclocking a CPU are quite high if you do not know how to efficiently set it up. Overclocking boosts benchmark scores by raising the clock speed. Apr 5, 2022 · Overclocking a Ryzen CPU requires the software to manipulate the BIOS settings, just as we see with other software overclocking utilities. tbh, OCing was more dangerous to the components in ancient times. But with Intel’s warning Jul 10, 2023 · In most cases, overclocking is easily reversible. If you’re uncomfortable with the In order to overclock a processor, the overclocker intentionally increases the CPU operation frequency above the original stock specifications. Heck, I've watched Linus Tech Tips talk about overclocking since it was owned by NCIX. And with its somewhat chaotic code names (Kaveri is a river in India, Deneb is a star-system and/or plot-element in the late Dangers of Overclocking? Hi, I overclocked my GPU to max and also my memory to max, if the temperature stay low will this do no damage? comments sorted by Best Top New Controversial Q&A Add a Comment Apr 14, 2023 · 5. CPU Cache/Ring Voltage is designed to increase the input voltage of your CPU cache. Disclaimer. Sep 16, 2021 · There are multiple ways to overclock your AMD CPU: you can enable AMD's Precision Boost Overdrive 2; hop into the the Ryzen Master Utility, or the latest Radeon drivers; or head to the BIOS and Dec 24, 2013 · Overclocking can be worth it, but in your case it wouldn't be because of your GPU - which I believe is an integrated graphics card. It can provide a performance boost, but it also increases the risk of damaging the CPU. bg does not take responsivities related to overclocking or any other adjustment to your computer. This is because it is different from every build. Improved performance Apr 6, 2024 · Step 3: Now, test the overclock's stability. Jan 11, 2024 · So if you’re a serious gamer, overclocking can take your CPU to the next level. This practice can have several advantages as listed below: 1. The most obvious ones are heat and noise. 0GHz Max under single-core loads, 3. 6Ghz. Cloudware. And whether you agree with the benefits of overclocking, it's made a huge impact on the PC gaming culture as well. The maximum speed that we managed to reach on our overclocked AMD Ryzen 7 3700X (4. The pros of overclocking CPU. You can overclock your processor through the BIOS. Jul 14, 2016 · AMD Processors. Even identical CPUs of the same model series can vary in the overclocking results. 4k displays will almost need a slight overclock unless you have high end hardware. Yes, it's overclocking the CPU, I'm sure long term it's not good for it. You can dramatically boost performance by overclocking both the GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) and CPU. Overclocking your CPU can be dangerous. 147 GHz and the GPU to 750 MHz. Jan 29, 2024 · Step 4: Access your BIOS. They all have several functions that prove useful. However, if your CPU fails to boot, you can reset your BIOS settings to get things back to factory defaults. Older CPU's didn't have as robust thermal protection. This can Dec 4, 2022 · A classic instance of this limit-based overclocking can be seen in the MSI Afterburner GPU OCing utility. No, it is not a noticeable decrease; unless you are planning on keeping the same CPU for over 10 years, you'll be replacing it long before silicon degradation gets to a point where performance or even viability is compromised. If you decide to overclock your GPU, it's important to do so in a safe and controlled manner, monitoring temperatures and stability closely to avoid any potential damage to your hardware. Feb 5, 2023 · Overclocking a GPU is not always dangerous, but it does increase the risk of hardware damage and stability issues as mentioned above. Jan 30, 2023 · Lastly, overclocking a CPU has its pros and cons. Oct 16, 2023 · Uninstall any overclocking software installed in your operating system to prevent additional attempts to overclock your CPU. This means that some will tolerate different voltages and clocks better than others. If you think overclocking is cool, like me, buy a nice Intel 'k' processor like my i5 4690k, and plan on getting a very nice heatsink, an AIO loop or custom watercooling. Jan 18, 2018 · Using standard cooling (i. As an example, here‘s a real-world overclock on an Intel Core i9-9900K by Silicon Aug 26, 2020 · For a long time, AMD played second fiddle to Intel in all but the most budget-focused builds. These programs test the performance of your processor as well as its ability to maintain that performance over time. That’s a pretty good reason. However, it is important to note that not all cases yield striking increases in performance. These additional tools can be found under the "Advanced" tab under "AMD Overclocking". Best of all, it can provide a significant performance boost. All things overclocking go here. Nothing to see here. Another factor that you should be aware of when determining your processor’s temperatures, is overclocking. You will be greeted with a prompt on the screen about the dangers of overclocking your processor. The faster you run it, the hotter it will get. Because the processor’s frequency heavily impacts the effective computational speed of the CPU, the ultimate goal is to increase the frequency of the CPU in order to achieve faster performance. 5V you're absolutely safe. If one were to overclock an Intel Core i7 860 it would then be running at a speed higher than 2. Benefits of overclocking . Apr 25, 2019 · You've all heard of overclocking, but what does it do and how can you use it to get more performance out of your system? And even more importantly, is overcl You can easily overclock a CPU with little effort, but it takes a more experienced user to know the signs of overheating that eventually reduce the lifespan of the component. Overclocking Can Void Your Warranty; We don’t mean to discourage you straight away, but it wouldn’t be right to not tell you the dangers of overclocking your CPU. If your system doesn’t have an appropriate cooling system mechanism it may damage the processor. The biggest disadvantage of overclocking is the reduced lifespan of hardware components. You will need a few benchmarking and stress test tools in order to properly test your overclocking results. Here is a guide to show you the ins and outs of CPU overclocking, and how to do so in a calm and safe manner. Select Stress Test from the left-hand menu and rerun the test. When you exercise — when your body operates at a higher workload than normal — you feel hot and may start sweating. In this case, when you overclock your monitor, you enhance a monitor to run at a higher refresh rate than the one specified – (the stock rating for our display panel from Overclocking RAM is just as difficult as overclocking the CPU. , standard fans and heatsinks), no heat transfer compound on the CPU/heatsink interface, and only one case fan invites danger. It's not 'dangerous' in the sense that the RAM will melt or break, as long as you keep the voltages reasonable. You may be lucky enough to have a desktop to laptop CPU or GPU that happens to run well on lower voltages than it's supposed to. When overclocking you have to keep the die cooler because of the die expansion causing irregularities while trying to ad more current by overclocking. 5 GHz, GTX 1050 ti) where my CPU was throttling by staying at around 0. The thermal shutdown in the CPU should trigger early enough to prevent damage. This helps to stabilize your processor’s overclock. Without proper cooling -- or if you just overclock too much -- the CPU chip may become too hot and may become permanently damaged. Jul 7, 2023 · Moreover, some preparations like getting a good cooling system and obtaining a good understanding of overclocking are vital too. This means if any damage happens the manufacturer cannot be blamed. Here are 8 reasons why you should overclock. This process is performed with the goal of boosting the performance and speed of the computer, making it faster in executing tasks and processing data. Graphics cards don't allow you to change voltage and frequency to unattainable and dangerous levels with your run-of-the-mill overclocking software (and even then you'd likely need a special vbios and exotic cooling to go very high). You can overclock your CPU but I can't tell you if it would be worth it or not. That is to say, for example, a Jul 6, 2022 · The same happens with overclocking, where the "CPU lottery" sometimes nets you a processor that can safely reach clock speeds reserved for much more expensive components. There are, however, a few concerns you should consider when overclocking your CPU. Overheating will cause your CPU to fail, and can also cause permanent damage. May 6, 2023 · Overclocking all of the CPU cores at once ('all-core' overclocking) is the most common and easiest method of overclocking, but it does tend to generate the most heat. Jul 29, 2024 · Overclocking your CPU is highly recommended ONLY IF you need more processing power. Overclocking can make your computer run faster while you’re doing processor-heavy tasks, such as: Editing photos and video; Running processor-hungry software like Android Studio or Visual C; Playing graphic and AI-heavy games Nov 12, 2021 · Overclocking has been popular with PC enthusiasts for decades now. The two major dangers with overclocking are heat and overclocking too much too quickly. Feb 6, 2024 · CPU overclocking is the most expensive to achieve thanks to mandatory investments in an overclocking-compatible motherboard. If you overclock the chip, it still runs stably up to 4. com Learn more about what overclocking is, the pros and cons, and discover the best way to approach overclocking for your CPU. Nov 18, 2023 · 15-30% for older CPUs or those known to overclock well ; 10-20% for an average overclock across different models; These numbers assume reasonable voltages and cooling capacity. Even if i get a good cooling (air or water) and will keep thhe temps of the cpu on load lets say in the range of 60s (or 60-70s at worst), which should be ok temps for this cpu. Even if you don't undervolt, the chances of your working OC damaging anything any faster than stock levels is extremely low and generally shouldn't be considered dangerous as long as you know what you are doing. See how top CPU performance checkers compare in the review here. 6 GHz randomly for around 10-20 seconds, and my frames would be around 10-15 from a typical 60. The only reliable way to overclock your system is to change the settings in your computer’s BIOS. Every CPU is set to run at a certain maximum clock speed. You might do this with whatever part you’re trying to overexert, like its RAM, motherboard, and GPU too. Jan 30, 2017 · When you overclock your CPU, you're doing something you weren't supposed to do with it -- this will often void your warranty. Feb 5, 2023 · CPU Overclocking is the process of increasing the clock speed of a computer’s central processing unit (CPU) beyond its default frequency. On some platforms, this voltage is linked to the CPU core voltage, and can’t be modified separately. In this case, you only need to run the test for 10 minutes. Apr 16, 2020 · The danger of CPU overclocking comes from the additional heat it creates. Oct 18, 2022 · This is called overclocking the processor. A higher clock means improved performance, which is the main reason anyone would overclock their GPU. A gain of at least 600 megahertz. Your CPU's heat will increase as you overclock. Is Overclocking Dangerous? Overclocking is not as dangerous as May 6, 2023 · (Image credit: Gigabyte) If you plan on doing full core frequency overclocking, you'll also need a Z-series (Z690) motherboard, as Intel doesn't allow you to change the chip's frequency on cheaper Aug 21, 2024 · When I overclock in RetroArch, my switch is much, much cooler then playing Zelda, MK8, demanding switch games. But the general steps should apply to most of the desktops sold or assembled Dec 5, 2008 · AMD - General Dangers of Overclocking Oct 13, 2022 · Yet the CPU with the higher clock speed number costs more. e. (or maybe it won't hurt? only time will tell) I'd rather overclock in RetroArch all day everyday, then run MK8 all day everyday. It is arguably one of the safest ways to push a graphics card to its maximum. Overclocking is the process of intentionally increasing the frequency of these cycles beyond the factory default. Overclocking, as in raising the clock speed or multiplier shouldn't damage modern CPU's. The best way to explain how this happens when we overclock, through use of imagery, is through the use of a runner. The most obvious advantage for overclocking is that you can get a performance boost without upgrading any of your components. Overclocking has been a buzzword in the world of computer enthusiasts and gamers for quite some time now. Conclusion: Overclocking can improve performance but should be undertaken with caution. Im planning to buy intel 5820K cpu and overclock it. May 6, 2023 · Things to Remember Before Overclocking CPU. You can search out there for guides Feb 15, 2023 · The Drawbacks of Overclocking Your Gaming Laptop While overclocking is technically easy these days, even if you find a worthwhile stable overclock for your gaming laptop, there are still some downsides. The overclocking designation came about because the clock speed that was originally indicated is deliberately exceeded. This procedure can overclock the CPU to 2. Overclocking is when you increase the processor’s clock speed over the processor’s default speed. Jul 14, 2016 · Learn the pros and cons of overclocking your CPU, the physics behind changing your clock rate and the basics of overclocking an Intel or AMD processor. Dec 30, 2022 · You could easily damage your CPU if you overclock it. Undervolting in AMD Ryzen Master is an intuitive Feb 26, 2003 · Overclocking our hardware can throw our voltage signals out of tolerance, and cause problems when a 1 (VCORE, voltage high) is mistaken for a 0 (VSS, voltage low). May 15, 2024 · Pro: You can maximise your PC’s performance. Jul 30, 2019 · Dangers of RAM Overclocking. Related: How to Monitor Your Computer's CPU Temperature. This is due to the increase in voltage that’s taking place. Overclocking is not covered under the device warranty. With CPU-Z, you get full detailed information on your motherboard, processor, and GPU. Overclocking in Windows Using Intel® Extreme Tuning Utility (Intel® XTU) For a long time, overclocking was done manually through the BIOS, the basic input output system that loads the operating system. Here are several reasons behind the decision to overclock a CPU: Performance improvement: Overclocking increases the clock speed, allowing the CPU to process instructions at a faster rate. Aug 19, 2013 · Why do it? Overclocking your processor speeds up your computer. An increase in heat can gradually damage the specific components of CPUs, GPUs, RAMs, and Jan 1, 2023 · Disadvantages of overclocking CPU. Dec 28, 2015 · What are the dangers of overclocking a CPU? how easy is it? should i do it ? CPU Cache/Ring Ratio adjusts the frequency of certain parts of the CPU, like the cache and memory controller. 70-80°C: Maybe okay if you’re overclocking and trying to eke out Feb 17, 2024 · On paper, overclocking your GPU probably seems like a win-win scenario. Sep 27, 2023 · Step 1: Benchmark your CPU’s performance. Pushing extremes may yield diminishing returns or even thermal throttle your CPU. Overclocking is the act of setting your CPU to run faster than it runs at stock settings. Where RAM speed really shines is in minimum framerates; for example, when you load a new area or new objects in a game, if it all has to happen in one frame, that frame could take longer than usual if it's waiting on the memory to load. Feb 7, 2023 · Overclocking a CPU offers improved performance by raising its speed, but it also involves some potential dangers. Just like the CPU and GPU, the results of overclocking RAM also vary. 25 GHz. Overclocking can be dangerous if done incorrectly but really awesome if done right! Overclocking is a catch-all term adjusting of the standard specs on memory modules, CPUs and GPUs to get better performance. We covered an entire article describing the benefits of overclocking. How CPU Overclocking Works. See full list on digitaltrends. You can use an online tool like XX to see your current performance. Here are some pros Jun 23, 2015 · Overclocking occurs when you set your CPU and memory to run at a speed that is higher than their official speed grade. Overclocking will void any warranty you have. Jun 17, 2020 · Overclocking your CPU (central processing unit) might sound dangerous, but in reality it simply means getting maximum performance from your PC’s processor. The jump in performance is always useful, as long as you follow the right overclocking procedure and invest in a high-quality cooling system to keep the temps down. The effectiveness of overclocking also relies on the accompanying components, operating system, and software in use. While you can still overclock using this method, Intel has streamlined the process by offering a software solution that can be used within Aug 29, 2024 · The B550 Chipset from AMD also includes some additional tools that can aid you in overclocking your system. However, no two computing cores are the same. I was having some performance issues on my dell Inspiron 7000 (i5 7300 HQ @ 2. Disable CPU overclocking by going to the BIOS settings and reverting everything to how it was before. Void warranty. 80GHz. As with anything, too much current will kill chips, but as long as you stay below 1. Overclocking increases voltage and thus, increases heat generation. But there are some equally good reasons not to. Processor damage: since the CPU operates at a higher than manufacturer speed it overheats. Then you’ll know where you started from if you boot performance later. If you insist in overclocking CPU after learning its drawbacks, you can refer to the steps below to safely overclock CPU. Step 2: Check your CPU temperature. 2 GHz. For AMD, this can mean simply engaging the auto It is possible to overclock the processor, the GPU, the RAM and other peripherals as well, so it is only natural that there will be certain repercussions of doing so. Unfortunately, this isn’t entirely true because there are some downsides to the process. 9 GHZ or 1. But if you didn’t do it the right way or gone beyond the recommended Sep 28, 2016 · Under 60°C: You’re golden. Despite the challenge, overclocking RAM doesn't always guarantee exceptional or notable results. Doing Dec 23, 2022 · When talking about overclocking, generally mean it to refer to modifications and practices that allow us to achieve higher clock speeds (for example, in RAM, CPU or GPU). jdio ykbv kewvaw dwl wils akystu rrg topkbdw wyc vmg